Showing posts with label hymn. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hymn. Show all posts

Wednesday, 15 November 2017

Psalm 146: Hymn


This hymn declares God’s care for the oppressed, the hungry, the prisoners, the blind, those who are bent down, the strangers, the orphans and widows.
How does God do these things? It is usually through people who are willing to be involved in leadership but who do it as God’s servants.[1]

Psalm 146 as a sermon by Rev Dr Andrew Sloane (OT636 lecture week 13):
l   Sometimes songs can be dangerous: to change the world. In the 1960s in USA, there was a movement to free the African American. It also costed the lives of some, particularly Martin Luther King.
l   It opens with a ringing praise of God. The praise with which this psalm ends is how the life with God ought to end. Psalm 150 is pure praise. Ps146 is the opening of the closing of the psalter. It shows the fact of why we praise God.
l   Pop songs can desensitise, eg. Beatles songs, eg. “all you need is love”, sometimes tell us to escape from reality. Some Christian songs are also like that. Psalms calls for us to engage with reality, to run to the world, not away from the world, in dangerous faith.
l   “Put not your trust in princes”, even if they are Christians. Sometimes we believe our rulers are trustworthy. The politicians often promise the world, eg. Recently in India’s election, where a village was promised free rice and saris. But they just cannot keep their word. Many years ago, Andrew Sloane was studying with his wife in Morling College about missions, and a mission organisation that was supporting him told them there was a financial crisis and the whole plan was gone. “Put not your trust in princes.”
l   While we cannot trust princes, there is someone we can trust. We can trust in God in part because God’s power endures. V5-6: Blessed is the one whose God is the God of Jacob. There’s power beyond imagining and power without end. This is the God who is faithful and trustworthy forever. The princes’ powers come to an end when they do. God’s plans come to fruition. Alternative plan of God for Andrew Sloane is also good, and now he still gets to preach in India. What they thought they were to do didn’t turn out, but God’s plan is still a good plan.
l   V7-9: This is the one who upholds the cause of the oppressed and gives food to the hungry… sustains the fatherless and the widows. Christians in India knows what it’s like to be oppressed. God is in the business of establishing justice for them. This is a God who sets the prisoners free: this is probably speaking in the context of Israel in exile. God is the one who opens the eyes of the blind: God is concerned about those with physical needs. God lifts up those who are bowed down. God looks after foreigners: people who are not Israelites living in Israel’s territory. These dislocated people do not have family networks and are socially vulnerable, and mostly day labourers. These people are socially and economically disadvantaged, in the margins of the socioeconomic system. They are the ones Yahweh protect. It’s interesting to see how Yahweh’s power work. This is different from the political system of the world which plays favourites.
l   This God rules forever, and aren’t we glad, for this God rules like this, and this God calls us to trust and praise. This comes to no surprise the psalm ends as it does.
l   How do we show how we really trust this God? True worship is not just a matter of singing songs. Some of us might find ourselves in circumstances of need. To trust and praise this God is to put your hope in Yahweh, and recognise that all other potential sources will fail you. Many of us find ourselves in positions of power. In fact, we are among the most well educated 2-3% in the world. This liberates and helps us understand the world and navigate our ways through it and to help others. So, we are amongst the wealthiest and most powerful people in the world! This means being like God, radically, to justice. Therefore, this is a dangerous song. To sing this song means our world will change. Dangerous like the songs of America’s south. It’s a song that can change the world. Will you sing it with me?




[1] John Goldingay, Psalms Volume 3: Psalms 90-150 (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006), 714.

Thursday, 9 November 2017

Psalm 103: Thanksgiving hymn


What stands out?
l   Not angry forever.
l   The name of Yahweh.
l   The bit where Moses says “show me your glory” and Yahweh declares his name as “Yahweh Yahweh, slow to anger, abundant in hesed”, Ex34.
l   Talks a lot of different things: Moses, dust (Genesis), elements of history.
l   Godhead as fatherly. V13“As a father shows compassion to his children”. Naming the Godhead as father is something Jesus does then invites us to do. The notion of a name is distinct from the notion of a metaphor. There are lots of different metaphors of God throughout the bible, not necessarily naming God as father.

Pattern:
l   Starts with praise. Ends with “Praise Yahweh, my life/my soul/my being/my self” (lots of translation options). Starts and ends with exaltation.
l   Middle bit: a history supporting the claim.
l   All the “who” statements in V3-5.
l   It is possible to praise when feeling pretty glum.
l   All are called to join us in exaltation. At the end, we are called to join them. Not praising alone. Know who we are praising. The chief end of humanity is to glorify God.
l   Start and end with praise: but how do we convey to those in the middle of crisis that praise is the stance they ought to adopt? Tell them of the promises of God.

What mood does the Psalm convey?
l   Remembering the goodness of God, throughout history.

What responses does the Psalm call for?
l   Praise and remember the goodness of God.

How does your understanding of Yahweh’s hesed inform your theology of God?
l   Who God is.
l   Character of God in V8: The Lord is merciful and gracious, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love.

How does your understanding of Yahweh’s hesed inform your relationship to God?
l   What God does.
l   The relationship with God in V3-5: who forgives all your iniquity, who heals all your diseases, who redeems your life from the pit, who crowns you with steadfast love and mercy, who satisfies you with good, so that your youth is renewed like the eagle's.
l   The hesed is V11-12: For as high as the heavens are above the earth, so great is his steadfast love toward those who fear him; as far as the east is from the west, so far does he remove our transgressions from us.

How might you use this Psalm in comforting someone in need (at church, in your home, at work)?
l   To remind the vulnerable person of the character of God and our relationship with God. Especially the hesed: how great God’s love is.
l   V6 God will work justice at the end: The Lord works righteousness and justice for all who are oppressed.
l   Righteousness and mercy: putting the two concepts together.
l   Can be used in: Chronic or terminal diseases. Grief: Ongoing context. In the midst of a crisis. Or when something is very uncertain (disease still being investigated): point out to what is certain to cling on in the time of uncertainty.
l   Emotions can be helpful in tapping us into something true about the world, eg. Joy in weddings, when birth of a child goes well, making a great achievement. However, emotions of sadness is also appropriate in some contexts, eg. Sadness in the lose of a child. However, the sadness can also get attached to something that’s not the right trigger for the sadness. The psalm can be used to try to shift this.
l   V3 “Heal your diseases”: is this a promise? The psalmist reminding themselves some of the way Yahweh has shown Yahweh’s fidelity to the psalmist. It’s not “any disease will be healed by Yahweh”. But remembering anytime the psalmist had been ill and not died from it: a statement recognising all past healings and all future healings is a gift from God, not that all future diseases will be healed by God.
l   What do you do for those whose experience of their father had been anything but “compassion”? If you struggle to see God in your father, then you will struggle to see the father in your God. To try to find with them an experience that will resonate, eg. The mother, the aunt, someone from school, etc. in order to think of the “father” and think of good things, and attach them to the cosmic God.

Thanksgiving psalms:
l   Hymns speak of God’s characteristics.
l   Andrew Sloane thinks Ps103 is more of a hymn than a thanksgiving.
l   Thanksgiving: the intimacy of the relationship it entails. For example, we can praise someone who we’ve never met, who has never done anything for me. We can’t thank them though because we are not in a position to thank them for something they’ve done specifically for me. Hymn is generally 3rd person. We can only thank in the second person.
l   A few things need to be true about the world in order for thanksgiving to work. We can’t thank people who try to harm us. You can only thank someone who had done something in your favour. Acknowledging something that’s true of this relationship (the benefit you received), and acknowledge this is from the good of God, there is another tie between us, we are tied together in the relationship.
l   The different work they do theologically.
l   Most of the thanksgivings are individual thanksgivings.
l   The genre is usually introduced with the intention to thank Yahweh. Close with the repaying of a vow. It’s a thanks offering and there’s an element of ritual embedded in the thanksgivings.
l   Pure thanksgiving psalms are quite uncommon compared with hymns and lament. Thanksgiving as a phenomenon is not rare in psalter as laments end with thanksgiving. Often, we tie specific times of distress/circumstances that generated the prayer to which God responds and for which we give thanks. To thank and testify= todah/yadah. Giving thanks is always connected with distress. A pure thanksgiving is a retrospection on the past and a response now, when one has found oneself in a spacious rather than a confined space. If Paul is reflecting on the patterns of psalmic piety, when Paul talks about giving thanks, it’s not about ignoring the times of distress, but after the times of distress, God has demonstrated goodness, and on our part, is a response of thanksgiving. Not to ignore the broken world, but in the context of a broken world, in others brokenness and our own brokenness, we experience the good of God.
l   The dependent relationship we have with God: however we understand our relationship with God, absolute dependence on God is fundamental to our existence. We exist as those who depends on God. When we thank someone, we acknowledge that our good had been dependant on their being good to us.


Tuesday, 24 October 2017

Psalm 8: Creation hymn


This is an exegesis of Psalm8 where I will first translate the psalm from Hebrew to English, do a literary analysis, comments on key details and critical issues, and reflect theologically on the text.

Translation (Hebrew verse numbers):

V1: The director over the gittith. A psalm of[1] David.
V2: Yahweh our Lord, how majestic is your name on all the earth, that you set your splendour upon the heavens,
V3: from the mouth of babes and infants. You founded[2] strength on account of your foes[3], to stop the enemy and avenger.
V4: When I see your heavens, the works of your fingers, the moon and stars that you have established,
V5: What is man, that you remember him, a mortal that you attend to him?
V6: You make him a little lesser than God, and in honour and glory you crown him.
V7: You make him Lord over the works of your hand. You set everything under his feet.
V8: Flocks and cattle, all of them, and even the beasts of the land.
V9: Birds of the heavens and fishes of the seas, that pass through the path of the seas.
V10: Yahweh our Lord, how majestic is your name on all the earth!

Literary analysis:

It is not possible to specify the authorship with certainty because in V1, לְ mean it is something associated with David, ie. it’s psalm by David, for David, or about David. The גִּתִּית probably has links with Gath, a Philistine town. It might be reference to a particular type of local instrument, melody, or a religious festival.[4],[5] This is the only hymn in the Old Testament which is spoken directly to God throughout its composition.[6] The first word to come out of the psalmist is “Yahweh”.[7]

V2 have a variety of different translations. “You have set your glory above the heavens” (NRSV). “Your majesty is praised as high as the heavens” (REB). “I will adore your majesty above the heavens” (Dahood).[8] “Your splendour above the heavens is praised” (Mays).[9] The reason for these variations is because there may have been an incorrect word division of אֲשֶׁ֥ר תְּנָ֥ה.[10] Since I have chosen “majestic” for אַדִּיר,[11] I chose “splendour” for הוֹד.[12] There is the further question as to whether v2b is best taken with the first half of v2, or with v3.[13] Many commentators[14],[15],[16] think that v2b can be taken with v3, otherwise we might expect verse 2b to occur at the end of v10.[17]

In V3, babes and infants is a poetic parallel to enemy and avenger. “Enemies” symbolize human strength, whereby the enemies of God do not recognise the name of God. “Babes” symbolise human weakness and humility.[18] Those who interpret the verse as “from the mouth of babes and infants, you founded your strength” see a strange paradox: in the weak “babes and infants,” God lays the foundation of a strength which can defy His enemies.[19],[20] Even when we interpret the verse as “that you set your splendour upon the heavens, from the mouth of babes and infants”, we still see God using the weak to display His glory. There is unexpectedness in the ways God’s assign roles to the strong and the weak.[21] Young children are often the strongest witness of God as they often respond with awe and wonder to the world around them.[22] It is not human arrogance but childlike recognition of God’s name that asserts such power.[23]

In V4, the speaker changes from “our” in V2 to “we”.[24] We see the greatness of the God, who created the boundless heaven by his ‘fingers’.[25] “Heavens” and “moons and stars” are word pairs, with the former referring to the daytime sky, and the latter referring to the night sky.[26] When we gaze at the stars and moon, we often find ourselves catching our breath[27] and becoming aware of one’s own insignificance. The finite is confronted with the infinite, the transient with the eternal.[28] In V5, “What is man?... Nothing.”[29] We see more parallel word pairs here: mankind vs human being, mindful vs attend. אֱנוֹשׁ and אָדָם are used to refer to human frailty and mortality.[30] זכר has a sense of compassion and purpose, since “remembering” implies God’s movement toward the object of his memory. פקד (lit. ‘you attend to’) similarly implies His action as well as His concern.”[31] God first thinks (be mindful) then acts (attend).[32] We even see a rhyme: rhyme: כִּֽי־תִזְכְּרֶ֑נּוּ and כִּ֣י תִפְקְדֶֽנּוּ.

In V6-9, we see God’s role for mankind as “a little lesser than God”.[33] אֱלֹהִים can mean “God, gods, divine beings”. Some interpreters (LXX, Tg, Syr) are prompted by modesty and use “angels”.[34],[35] “A little lesser than God” seem to contradict V4-5, which emphasises on the distinction between God, the majestic creator, and us, his frail creatures. I would keep “a little lesser than God” (Jerome, Aq, Sym, Th) because V6 seem to allude to the “image of God” mentioned in Genesis 1:26[36], which affirms the human race as being made in the image and likeness of God[37], and are crowned to take up God’s sovereignty in the world[38]. In Hebrew, V6 is a chiasm: verb (diminished), noun (angels), noun (honour and glory), verb (make a crown).

Some take the meaning of מְעַט temporally, “for a little while”[39], which implies that humans are only in the special position for the short period before the fall. Goldingay[40] does not think this interpretation will work, because “human disobedience did not undo humanity’s authority any more than it eliminated the divine image from humanity” (Genesis 9:1-2, 6), and “what God intended humanity to be, God still intends humanity to be.” Though mankind is small and insignificant, God has appointed man the divine function of governing[41], to extend mastery over all creating things, examples being living creatures in v8-9. [42],[43],[44] In V10, we see an inclusion, where the poetry begins and ends in similar ways.

Key details and critical issues:

Structurally, V2-3 is an invocation to praise the majesty of God’s name and God’s glory. V4-9 describes the motivation behind this: God is to be praised because God is the is the majestic creator, and God cares about us. V4-5 describes mankind’s sense of insignificance. V6-9 describes God’s role for mankind, which is to make them rulers over God’s creation. V10 is the conclusion, where there is repeated praise of the majesty of God’s name. Directionally, we see a movement from earth to heaven (V2-3), and from the heavens (V4) back to earth (V5-9); from Yahweh (V2) to humanity (V3), and from humanity (V5-9) back to Yahweh (V10).[45] There is also a horizontal movement that moves outward from human society from V8-9, from domesticated animals outward until it ends in the sea, the place of chaos, which is least hospitable to human society.[46]

In terms of language, there are many royal terminologies: The first stanza celebrates God as the king of creation, with words of royal divine attributes such as אַדִּיר and עֹז.[47] A metaphor is “a picture that is painted in words.”[48] The metaphor about the heavens, moon and stars being the work of God’s fingers is a way of identifying these as mere objects rather than deities.[49] The second half of this psalm honours humans, who have been crowned with royal responsibility.[50] Verbs such as עטר and משׁל are all royal terms. Terms such as כָּבוֹד, הָדָר and the phrase שַׁ֣תָּה תַֽחַת־רַגְלָֽיו carry royal connotations. The metaphor about God crowning humanity is a way of illustrating the extension of royalty from God the creator king to humanity.[51]

In terms of genre, this is a hymn of praise, and can be defined more precisely as a psalm of creation, as there is a relationship between this psalm and Genesis1.[52] Hymns celebrate the glory and grace of God, rehearsing who He is and what He has done[53], and relating us and our world to Him.[54] Psalm8 is a unique piece, combining hymnic material, wisdom material and lament material. For example, there is a point of similarity between Ps8:5 and Job7:17. The theme of creation seemed to have developed most fulling during and after the Exile, so this psalm is commonly thought of as postexilic.[55]

Theological reflection:

The central theme of this psalm is our covenant with the God whose glory fills the earth.[56] We see God’s revelation in Nature.[57] God’s reign in the world extends beyond his covenant people to include the whole humanity.[58] The Old Testament faith is such as that of the psalmist frequently had to fight against the idea of reducing God to a national level.[59] This hymn is “an expression of the sovereignty theology that is a hallmark of the Psalter”.[60] While acknowledging “the finiteness of a human being, his unimportance and limits”[61], this psalm also addresses the paradox that God “chose the weak… to shame the strong… so that no one may boast before him” (ICor.1:27, 29).[62] In Matthew21:15-16, when the Pharisees confronted Jesus at the temple about the children shouting “Hosanna to the Son of David”, Jesus quoted Ps8:3.[63]

Another important theme is the purpose of human existence: “What is man?”[64] Despite the finiteness of humanity, God conferred dignity and value upon us[65] by giving us “dominion” over creation.[66] “Dominion involved a pattern of responsibility. Glory belonged to the ruler, but the ruling was to be for the benefit of the ruled.”[67] Furthermore, according to Deut.17:14-20, “the king was given authority and responsibility in equal measures”.[68] God has placed all things under our feet not so that we may walk over them, but that we might care for them.[69] Currently we are depleting the earth and its resources, and a new sense of stewardship needs to replace this human greed.[70] Humanity should use their power over creation in a way that “serves the purposes and practices of their own sovereign.”[71] We are to view the “civilising work of humanity as honour and glory conferred on it by God and, therefore, as cause and content for praise of God.”[72] Man’s dominion over nature is second place to his calling as servant and worshipper.[73]




Bibliography:

Craigie, Peter C. Psalms 1-50. Waco: Word Books, 1983.

Davidson, Robert. The Vitality of Worship: a commentary on the Book of Psalms. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.

DeClaisse-Walford, Nancy, Rolf A. Jacobson, and Beth LaNeel Tanner. The Book of Psalms. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2014.

Goldingay, John. Psalms Volume 1: Psalms 1-41. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006.

Jacobson, Rolf A. and Karl N. Jacobson. Invitation to the Psalms: A Reader’s Guide for Discovery and Engagement. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013.

Kidner, Derek. Psalms 1-72. London: IVP, 1973.

Mays, James Luther. Psalms. Louisville: John Knox Press, 1994.

Weiser, Artur. The Psalms. London: SCM Press, 1962.






[1] לְ something associated with David, belonging to/of/by/concerning.
[2] John Goldingay, Psalms Volume 1: Psalms 1-41 (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006), 156. “Founding” is a frequent image for God’s brining the world into being, which involves gaining control of dynamic forces that could work against God’s purpose to create a cosmos.
[3] צוֹרְרֶ֑יךָ “hostile towards you”=”foes”
[4] Nancy DeClaisse-Walford, Rolf A. Jacobson, and Beth LaNeel Tanner. The Book of Psalms (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2014), 121.
[5] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 37.
[6] James Luther Mays, Psalms (Louisville: John Knox Press, 1994), 65.
[7] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 122.
[8] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 37.
[9] Mays, Psalms, 65-66.
[10] Craigie, Psalms 1-50, 105. אֲשֶׁ֥ר Usually followed by perfect or imperfect. It’s not the normal imperative either. It’s got paragogic heh. One interpretative option is the root is tanat: chant or sing. Craige suggest combining the letters, because an incorrect word division has crept in, and the verb root is sharat, and na is engergic, which means to serve or worship.
[11] John Goldingay, Psalms Volume 1: Psalms 1-41 (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006), 155.
אַדִּיר is usually used “with the implication of mighty or powerful”.
[12] Goldingay, Psalms Volume 1, 155. הוֹד suggests “awesome power and authority”. “Splendour” chosen because “majesty” was already used for אַדִּיר.
[13] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 37.
[14] Mays, Psalms, 65-66.
[15] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 121.
[16] Goldingay, Psalms Volume 1, 155.
[17] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 37.
[18] Craigie, Psalms 1-50, 107.
[19] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 38.
[20] Craigie, Psalms 1-50, 107.
[21] Kidner, Psalms 1-72, 66.
[22] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 38.
[23] Craigie, Psalms 1-50, 108.
[24] Goldingay, Psalms Volume 1, 158.
[25] Artur Weiser, The Psalms (London: SCM Press, 1962), 140, 142.
[26] Goldingay, Psalms Volume 1, 158.
[27] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 38.
[28] Weiser, The Psalms, 143.
[29] Craigie, Psalms 1-50, 108.
[30] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 39.
[31] Kidner, Psalms 1-72, 67.
[32] Goldingay, Psalms Volume 1, 158.
[33] Craigie, Psalms 1-50, 108.
[34] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 39.
[35] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 122.
[36] Kidner, Psalms 1-72, 67.
[37] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 39.
[38] Goldingay, Psalms Volume 1, 159.
[39] Kidner, Psalms 1-72, 67.
[40] Goldingay, Psalms Volume 1, 161.
[41] Weiser, The Psalms, 144.
[42] Craigie, Psalms 1-50, 107.
[43] Craigie, Psalms 1-50, 108.
[44] Weiser, The Psalms, 145.
[45] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 37.
[46] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 125-126.
[47] Goldingay, Psalms Volume 1, 157.
[48] Rolf A. Jacobson, and Karl N. Jacobson. Invitation to the Psalms: A Reader’s Guide for Discovery and Engagement (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013), 120.
[49] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 124.
[50] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 124.
[51] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 125.
[52] Robert Davidson, The Vitality of Worship: a commentary on the Book of Psalms (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 36.
[53] Derek Kidner, Psalms 1-72 (London: IVP, 1973), 65.
[54] Kidner, Psalms 1-72, 66.
[55] Craigie, Psalms 1-50, 106.
[56] Kidner, Psalms 1-72, 66.
[57] Artur Weiser, The Psalms (London: SCM Press, 1962), 140.
[58] Mays, Psalms, 69.
[59] Weiser, The Psalms, 141.
[60] Mays, Psalms, 66.
[61] Kidner, Psalms 1-72, 68.
[62] Weiser, The Psalms, 142.
[63] Craigie, Psalms 1-50, 109.
[64] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 120.
[65] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 124.
[66] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 39.
[67] Mays, Psalms, 69.
[68] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 127.
[69] DeClaisse-Walford, Jacobson, and Tanner, The Book of Psalms, 127.
[70] Davidson, The Vitality of Worship, 40.
[71] Mays, Psalms, 69.
[72] Mays, Psalms, 69.
[73] Kidner, Psalms 1-72, 68.